The attack on the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, ignited the largest criminal investigation in U.S. history, with 950 people federally charged so far and more to come.

The Justice Department has named a special counsel, Jack Smith, to oversee the investigation into efforts to reverse the results of the 2020 presidential election, focusing not on those present at the riot but on whether politicians or anyone else may have interfered in the transfer of power.

After two years, much work on both fronts remains.

Of more than 460 people charged with felonies, only 69 have been convicted and sentenced , mostly for assaulting police or obstructing Congress; all but four have received jail or prison time.

The average prison sentence for a felony conviction so far is 33 months, according to a Washington Post database.

And the judges in U.S. District Court in Washington, despite harsh words for the convicted defendants about the historic impact of their actions, have gone below federal prosecutors’ sentencing recommendations in more than three-quarters of the cases so far, and below the advisory sentencing guidelines nearly 40% of the time.

On the second anniversary of the Capitol riot, here are more insights on how the rioters have been treated by the courts.

What’s happening with the average Jan. 6 case?

About half of the arrests so far have been for misdemeanors, and for those given actual jail time, the average sentence has been 48 days.

But most of those have not received any jail time: Most have received probation, home detention or halfway house time, or a fine. These defendants are typically rioters who entered the Capitol and didn’t engage with the police, but left a trail of social media posts and photos before, during and after.

If those who didn’t receive jail time are included among the misdemeanor sentences, the average jail time drops to 22 days. The number of defendants being held in jail before trial, or awaiting sentencing, is about 50, according to the Justice Department.

What kind of sentences has the government sought?

Prosecutors have made fairly consistent recommendations in all 357 sentencings so far. They typically seek 30- or 45-day jail sentences for misdemeanors. For felonies, the U.S. Attorney’s Office has looked at the federal guidelines, which account for both the seriousness of the crime and the defendant’s criminal history, and usually asked for the midpoint of the guidelines’ range.

The judges have issued harsh words for nearly all defendants, with Chief U.S. District Judge Beryl A. Howell calling it an “attack on democracy ... unparalleled in American history,” and criticizing prosecutors for allowing hundreds of defendants to plead to misdemeanors.

“You participated in a national embarrassment,” Judge Trevor N. McFadden, a Trump appointee, has told multiple defendants.

But the judges have sentenced below the government’s recommendation in nearly 77% of all cases, including 71% of the felonies.

The judges have gone above the recommendation only 8% of the time, and imposed the recommendation 15% of the time. U.S. District Judge Amit Mehta, an Obama appointee, has gone below the prosecution’s recommendation in all 19 of the sentencings he has done so far, as have fellow Obama appointees Rudolph Contreras and Randolph D.

Moss, Trump appointee Timothy J. Kelly and George W. Bush appointee John D. Bates.

Republican judges have gone below the government recommendation 82% of the time, and Democratic judges about 72% of the time. There are 13 Democratic and eight Republican judges handling Jan. 6 cases on the D.C. federal bench.

How have sentences compared with U.S. guidelines?

Despite their harsh rhetoric, D.C. judges have regularly sentenced Jan. 6 defendants to terms below even what federal sentencing guidelines call for — a little less than 38% of the time.

But that is less lenient than D.C. judges treat other non-Jan. 6 defendants, and in line with how often federal judges nationwide hand down below-guidelines sentences.

“Are these [Jan. 6] guys getting hammered more than typical defendants?” asked Mark Allenbaugh, a federal sentencing consultant and former staff attorney for the U.S. Sentencing Commission.

“From a high-level view, from what I can tell, they’re not.”

Matthew M. Wood was one of the first rioters to enter the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. After traveling to D.C. from North Carolina, the 23-year-old spent 80 minutes inside the Capitol as he chased officers through corridors, roamed through offices, including those of Speaker Nancy Pelosi and joined the mob that fought against police trying desperately to hold the line.

“I’m in the Capitol,” Wood texted a friend during the riot, “we stormed it. I am fighting capitol police.”

Federal sentencing guidelines recommended a sentence of 51 to 63 months for Wood, and prosecutors asked Judge Mehta to impose a 57-month term after Wood pleaded guilty to obstruction of an official proceeding. But Mehta instead reduced the guidelines range to 21 to 27 months in prison, and then went below that range, sentencing Wood to 12 months of home detention for obstructing an official proceeding.

“I don’t think this sentence should ruin your life,” Mehta told the Capitol rioter, who expressed remorse. The judge said he thought the 57-month request from the government was not “anywhere within the ballpark” and that judges may impose consequences “without simply putting somebody in jail for the sake of putting them in jail.”

What has happened with rioters who’ve gone to trial?

There have been 44 trials, and the defendants have one win and 43 losses. Twenty of the trials have been in front of a jury, and the government is 20-0. Of the 24 trials in front of a judge, the one defense win was in a misdemeanor “entering a restricted building” case, where McFadden found the man plausibly argued that police officers allowed him in.

All but four of the trials have been for felonies. The average sentence for those convicted of felonies at trial has been about 49 months, while the average sentence for those who pleaded guilty to felonies has been about 28 months.

Of the 11 felony trial sentencings so far, the judges have gone below the government’s recommendation every time, and below the guidelines in eight of the cases.

Hunter Seefried was convicted by a jury of clearing out a smashed window and being one of the first rioters to enter the Capitol, and guidelines called for him to face a sentence of 57 to 71 months. Prosecutors asked for 64 months. McFadden ruled that the riot did not qualify as interfering with “administration of justice,” reduced the guideline range and gave Seefried 24 months.

“I believe you are a good man who messed up badly,” McFadden said, “but I believe you recognize you messed up, and that also is part of criminal justice.”